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- Marc Chagall was a Russian-Jewish artist and writer in Yiddish who moved to France and developed his highly original style by blending elements of traditional Jewish culture with cutting-edge innovations in modern art.
He was born Moishe Segal (Russified: Marc Zakharovich Shagalov) on July 7, 1887, in Liozno, a suburb of Vitebsk, Russia (now in Belarus). He was the first-born of nine children in the traditional close-knit Russian-Jewish family. Chagall's father and mother were cousins. His father, Khatskel Segal, was a herring merchant. His mother, Feiga-Ita, was a housewife. Chagall studied Torah and Talmud in Hebrew with Rabbi Ochre, and then with Rabbi Jatkin for basic education at home. At that time Jews were not admitted to schools in Russia, but Chagall's parents managed to get him admitted by bribing a school principal. Chagall's favorite classes were drawing and geometry.
Young Chagall made his first artwork for the Haggadah for his family on Passover. Then he did a copy of the portrait of composer Anton Rubinstein from the magazine "Niva". His first job was as a photo-retoucher at the photo studio of Meshchaninov in Vitebsk. Chagall briefly studied in the cheder of the Zarechenskaya synagogue, the biggest temple in Vitebsk. There he also sang as a cantor's assistant and studied violin. He later took painting lessons from Yehuda Pen in Vitebsk for two months. In 1907 Chagall went to St. Petersburg. There he studied art under Nikolai Roerich at the Imperial Society of Art Supporters; then under Leon Bakst and Mstislav Doboujinsky at Zviagintseva School of Art.
From 1910-1914 he lived in Paris on a stipend of 125 francs a month from a notable Russian-Jewish lawyer, Maxim Vinaver. Chagall settled in the Montparnasse community of La Ruche. There he associated with Guillaume Apollinaire, M. Jakob, A. Salmon, Robert Delaunay, Fernand Léger and others. During those four years in Paris he witnessed the emerging new styles of Fauvism, Cubism, Surrealism and various avant-garde currents being created by Henri Matisse, Pablo Picasso, Georges Braque, Amedeo Modigliani and Giorgio De Chirico, as well as other leading artists of the time. In May of 1914 Chagall went to Germany. There he became acquainted with the artistic experiments of Wassily Kandinsky. Chagall had his first solo show at the Sturm gallery in Berlin. Then, after the onset of World War I, he went back to Russia.
In May of 1915 Chagall married his first love, Bella Rosenfeld, the daughter of a wealthy jeweler in Vitebsk. She was the inspirational model for his famous series of paintings with passionate flying figures. In 1916 the Chagalls had a daughter, Ida. At that time he created his most vibrant and youthful paintings depicting his wife Bella flying with him in the skies above their hometown of Vitebsk.
Chagall was appointed the Commissar of Arts in Vitebsk Province after the Russian Revolution of 1917. He organized the new Vitebsk Art School and also taught there. He moved to Moscow in 1920. There he took an active part in the stage productions of the newly formed Moscow Jewish Theatre, of which he was the Art Director from 1920-1922. Chagall designed the stage decoration for the production of "Fiddler on the Roof", based on the story by Sholom Aleichem. Chagall's work was marked by surrealistic inventiveness and continued his emergence as a cross-cultural artist.
In 1922 the Chagalls fled the troubled Russia and moved to Berlin, then to Paris in 1923, as did many Russian intellectuals. He published his book of memoirs with illustrations in 1923. Then he made illustrations for "Dead Souls" by Nikolay Gogol, and began illustrating the Bible in 1930. In 1937 Chagall became a naturalized French citizen. In 1941, however, the Chagalls fled the German occupation of Paris and lived in New York until 1947. There Chagall designed decorations for the production of "Firebird" with the music of Igor Stravinsky and choreography by George Balanchine. Chagall also made a stage set for "Aleko" with the music of Pyotr Ilyich Tchaikovsky. In September of 1944 his beloved wife and inspirational muse Bella died.
Back in Europe, Chagall settled in Provence, France. His creativity was now inspired by his new love, Valentina (Vava) Brodsky, whom he married in 1952. His works during this period are marked with energetic and joyful feelings, expressed by vibrant lines and vivid colors. He expanded his creativity into sculpture, ceramics and stained glass, making stained glass windows for several Catholic and Protestant cathedrals in France, Switzerland and Germany. In 1960 Chagall created remarkable stained glass windows for the Synagogue of the Hadassah Ein Kerem hospital in Jerusalem. In the 1960s and 1970s he decorated the new Parliament in Jerusalem, the ceiling of the Grand Opera in Paris, the lobby of the Metropolitan Opera House in New York and the National Bank Building in Chicago with a series of large-scale mosaic murals that define the language of 20th-century monumental art.
Mark Chagall died at the age of 97, on March 28, 1985, in Saint-Paul de Vence, France, and was laid to rest in Saint-Paul Town Cemetery, Provence, France.
Chagall's art is the pride of museum collections across the world. In 1973, the Musee National Message Biblique Marc Chagall (The Chagall Museum) opened in Nice, France. The Chagall family home on Pokrovskaia street in Vitebsk was turned into a memorial museum in 1992 and decorated with copies of his works in 1997. - Actor
- Writer
- Soundtrack
Zinoviy Gerdt was born on 21 September 1916 in Sebezh, Vitebsk Governorate, Russian Empire [now Pskov Oblast, Russia]. He was an actor and writer, known for Anemos stin poli (1996), The Golden Calf (1968) and Bindyuzhnik i korol (1989). He died on 19 November 1996 in Moscow, Russia.- Igor But was born on 1 December 1925 in Drissa, Vitebsk Oblast, Belorussian SSR. He is an actor, known for The Lonely White Sail (1937), Po sledam geroya (1936) and Vesenniy potok (1941).
- Writer
- Actor
- Art Director
Tadeusz Dolega-Mostowicz was born on 10 August 1898 in Okunevo, Vitebsk Governorate, Russian Empire [now Hlybokaye Raion, Vitebsk Oblast, Belarus]. He was a writer and actor, known for District Attorney (1933), Bialy Murzyn (1939) and Znachor (1937). He died on 20 September 1939 in Kuty, Stanislawowskie, Poland [now Kuty, Ukraine].- Alexander Grigoryevich Lukashenko is a Belarusian politician who has been the first and only president of Belarus since the establishment of the office on 20 July 1994, making him the longest-sitting European president. Before his political career, Lukashenko worked as director of a state farm (sovkhoz), and served in the Soviet Border Troops and in the Soviet Army.
- Vasiliy Bykov was born on 19 June 1924 in Bychki, Byelorussian SSR, USSR [now Vitebsk Oblast, Belarus]. He was a writer, known for Alpiyskaya ballada (1966), Alpiyskaya ballada and Tretya raketa (1963). He was married to Irina Suvorov and Nadia. He died on 23 June 2003 in Minsk, Belarus.
- Valentina Kibardina was born on 30 May 1907 in Vitebsk, Vitebsk uyezd, Vitebsk Governorate, Russian Empire [now Vitebsk Oblast, Belarus]. She was an actress, known for Ne zabud... Stantsiya Lugovaya (1967), Barer neizvestnosti (1962) and Yunost Maksima (1935). She died in October 1988 in Leningrad, RSFSR, USSR [now St. Petersburg, Russia].
- Aleksandr Tkachyonok was born on 20 November 1950 in Vitebsk Oblast, BSSR, USSR [now Belarus]. He is an actor, known for Zhil-byl doktor (1985), V Krymu ne vsegda leto (1988) and Raskidannoye gnezdo (1982).
- S. Ansky was born in 1863 in Chashniki, Vitebsk Governorate, Russian Empire [now Vitebsk Oblast, Belarus]. He was a writer, known for The Dybbuk (1937), The Dybbuk or: Between Two Worlds and The Dybbuk of the Holy Apple Field (1997). He died on 8 November 1920 in Otwock, Poland.
- Cinematographer
- Camera and Electrical Department
Yakov Leybov was born on 31 December 1902 in Osveya, Vitebsk Governorate, Russian Empire [now Vitebsk oblast, Belarus]. Yakov was a cinematographer, known for Boksyory (1941), Lyagavyy (1930) and Geroi Markhoty (1931). Yakov died on 12 January 1945 in Hungary.- Director
- Second Unit Director or Assistant Director
- Writer
Anatoli Vekhotko was born on 24 July 1930 in Ostrovno, Byelorussian SSR, USSR [now Vitebsk Oblast, Belarus]. He was a director and assistant director, known for Everybody Knows Kadkin (1977), Razreshite vzlyot! (1972) and Doroga ukhodit vdal (1959). He died on 8 September 2016 in Bolshaya Bishera, Novgorodskaya oblast, Russia(undisclosed).- Arturs Dimiters was born on 27 April 1915 in Vitebsk, Vitebsk uyezd, Vitebsk Governorate, Russian Empire [now Vitebsk Oblast, Belarus]. He was an actor, known for Kapteinis Nulle (1964), Pie bagatas kundzes (1969) and Vozvrashchenie s pobedoy (1948). He was married to Vija Artmane and Dzemma Skulme. He died on 1 November 1986 in Riga, Latvian SSR, USSR [now Latvia].
- Production Designer
- Composer
- Additional Crew
Vladimir Belousov was born on 1 January 1921 in Slobodka, Vitebsk Governorate, RSFSR [now Vitebsk Oblast, Belarus]. He was a production designer and composer, known for Ryadom s vami (1967), Krasnye listya (1958) and Poleskaya legenda (1957). He died on 24 October 2006.- Anatoliy Rudakov was born on 24 July 1950 in Bolshoye Sitno, Vitebsk Oblast, Byelorussian SSR, USSR [now Belarus]. He was an actor, known for Crime and Punishment (2007), Poslednyaya okhota (1980) and Nayti i obezvredit (1983). He died on 1 August 2021 in Russia.
- Zoya Osmolovskaya was born on 1 March 1928 in Orsha, BSSR, USSR [now Vitebsk Oblast, Belarus]. She was an actress, known for You Should Value Love (1960), Sergeyev ishchet Sergeyeva (1974) and Obochina (1978). She died on 30 April 2012 in Minsk, Belarus.
- Actor
- Director
- Writer
Aleksey Turovich was born on 17 March 1959 in Glubokoye, Vitebsk Oblast, Belorussian SSR, USSR. He is an actor and director, known for Yabloko luny (2009), Santa Lyuchiya (1999) and Mezhdu zhiznyu i smertyu (2003).- Lev Dovator was born on 20 February 1903 in Khotino, Vitebsk Governorate, Russian Empire [now Vitebsk Oblast, Belarus]. He died on 19 December 1941 in near Ruza, Moscow Oblast, RSFSR, USSR [now Russia].
- Lev Sheynin was born on 25 March 1906 in village Brusanovka, Velizh uyezd, Vitebsk Governorate, Russian Empire [now Velizhsky District, Smolensk Oblast, Russia]. He was a writer, known for Vstrecha na Elbe (1949), Tsepnaya reaktsiya (1962) and Nochnoy patrul (1957). He died on 11 May 1967 in Moscow, RSFSR, USSR [now Russia].
- Leonid Lyutvinsky was born on 7 April 1962 in Vizdy, Vitebsk Oblast, Belorussian SSR, USSR. He is an actor, known for Nautilus (1990), Bezumnoy strastyu ty sama ko mne pylayesh (1992) and Muzykalnaya smena (1987).
- Yuriy Aptekman was born on 14 October 1920 in Nevel, Vitebsk Governorate, RSFSR [now Pskov Oblast, Russia]. He was an actor, known for Proisshestviye, kotorogo nikto ne zametil (1968), Yumoreski Valentina Katayeva (1968) and Do vostrebovaniya (1970). He died in 2005.
- Rostislav Shmyryov was born on 13 March 1937 in Zapolye, Vitebsk Oblast, Belorussian SSR, USSR. He was an actor and writer, known for Vesyolyy kaleidoskop (1974), Batka (1972) and Gosudarstvennaya granitsa (1980). He died on 1 April 1995 in Minsk, Belarus.
- Director
- Writer
- Actor
Leo Mur was born in 1889 in Sebezh, Vitebsk Governorate, Russian Empire [now Pskov oblast, Russia]. He was a director and writer, known for Teplaya kompaniya (1924), Gilan qizi (1928) and Volki (1925). He died on 20 July 1938.- Valeriy Anisenko was born on 5 June 1944 in Vitebsk Oblast, Belorussian SSR, USSR. He is an actor and director, known for Palyavanne na aposhnyaga zhuraulya (1986), Atlanty i kariatidy (1980) and Mest (2011).
- Veniamin Gut was born in 1894 in Beshenkovichi, Vitebsk Governorate, Russian Empire [now Vitebsk oblast, Belarus]. He was an actor, known for Konyok-gorbunok (1941). He died in 1949 in Moscow, RSFSR, USSR [now Russia].
- Andrei Kostitsyn was born on 3 February 1985 in Novopolotsk, Vitebsk Oblast, Byelorussian SSR, USSR [now Navapolatsk, Belarus].